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27 


The  Undesirable. 


V 


READ  BEFORE  SEABOARD    MEDICAL  SOCIETY  OF  VIRGINIA 

AND  NORTH  CAROLINA,  DEC.  9,  1914,  GOLDSBORO, 

N.  C,  BY  C.  BANKS   M'NAIRY,    M.    D.,    SUPT. 

SCHOOL  FOR  FEEBLE  MINDED, 

KNSTON,  N.  C. 

MR.  PRESIDENT  AND  GENTLEMEN: 

In  bringing  this  subject  to  your  notice,  on  this  oc- 
casion 1  hope,  as  I  proceed,  you  will  bear  in  mind,  that 
it  is  not  my  purpose  to  bring  anything  new  before  you 
because  I  am  quite  sure  you  are  all  posted  and  well  read 
on  all  questions  that  look  to  the  protection  and  better- 
ment of  humanity,  both  physically  and  mentally. 

I  hope  only  to  call  your  special  attention  to  the 
one  class  of  human  beings,  whose  welfare,  comfort,  and 
mental  and  physical  needs  have  been  overlooked,  or  for- 
gotten, for  years,  by  the  forefathers  of  medicine,  psy- 
chology, and  I  might  well  say  theology,  in  this  mad  rush, 
as  it  were,  to  discover  something  new  and  the  undesir- 
able human  beings,  such  as  feeble-minded,  imbeciles, 
and  idiots,  had  not  until  just  recently,  been  given  as 
much  thought  or  care,  in  many  instances,  as  domestic 
animals. 

I  think  you  gentlemen  will  readily  agree  with  me 
that  there  is  nothing  so  undesirable  in  one's  own  family 
as  an  imbecile,  much  less  an  idiot. 

I  know  of  nothing  in  tnis  vale  of  tears,  as  we 
sometimes  speak  of  this  life,  that  will  bring  to  the  moth- 
er, the  agonies,  the  shame,  the  remorse  and  pain,  men- 
tal and  physical  worry,  as  to  have  the  constant  care  of 
one  of  these  low  types  of  human  animals.  (I  use  the 
word  Animal  advisedly,  because  many  of  them  are  really 
lower  in  the  scale  of  intellect  and  self  preservation  than 
the  lower  type  of  animal. ) 


<U 


28 


I  shall  discuss  this  subject  under  three  headings: 

1st.     Who  Are  the  Feeble  Minded,  and  How  Many  ? 

2nd.     What  We  Know  of  the  Cause. 

3rd.     How  We  Hope  to  Reduce  or  Prevent? 

A  prominent  American  has  said,  the  great  trouble 
with  this  problem  of  the  feeble  minded  is  that  there  are 
so  many  of  us. 

I  am  quite  sure  you  are  all  familiar,  and  can  read- 
ily recognize  the  idiot  and  low-grade  imbecile.  They 
show  it  in  their  faces,  they  show  it  in  their  talk  (if  they 
talk  at  all),  and  in  many  other  ways.  The  condition  is 
manifest,  but  the  real  problem  comes  when  we  consider 
the  higher  grade  imbecile  and  the  moron.  These  people 
to  the  casual  observer,  are  like  the  rest  of  us,  but  who, 
if  allowed  to  go  on  and  attempt  to  take  their  places  in 
the  world,  are  incapable. 

A  Moron  is  described  as  one  who  is  capable  of 
earning  a  living  under  favorable  circumstances,  but  is 
incapable,  from  mental  defects  existing  from  birth  or 
from  early  age,  of  competing  on  equal  terms  with  his 
fellows,  or  of  managing  himself  or  his  affairs  with  or- 
dinary prudence. 

It  remains  then,  to  discover  some  method  of  de- 
tecting the  quality  of  the  mentality  in  these  cases,  and 
thanks  be  to  Prof.  Binet,  we  now  have  a  method  of  de- 
termining the  condition  of  any  particular  child,  in  rela- 
tion to  its  mental  standard. 

The  Binet-Simon  measure  scale  of  intelligence. 

As  to  the  number  in  the  United  States,  in  the 
census  report  of  1890,  one  of  the  questions  that  was  ask- 
ed, was,  '  'Are  there  any  idiots  or  imbeciles  in  your  fam- 
ily?" Result  of  this  inquiry,  that  one  in  five  hundred  of 
the  population  cames  under  this  class. 

It  is  a  difficult  matter  to  get  just  what  the  true 
proportion  is,  as  so  many  people  naturally  object  to  re- 
porting any  member  of  their  family  as  idiotic   or  imbe- 


29 


cile,  unless  they  are  very  marked  cases  and  the  fact 
cannot  be  concealed. 

It  has  been  concluded  by  those  who  are  familiar 
with  the  problem  of  feeble-mindedness  that,  at  least, 
one  in  three  hundred  was  a  safe  estimate.  And  still 
more  recently  and  based  upon  a  more  careful  study, 
Goddard  has  said  one  in  two  hundred  and  fifty.  Others 
have  dared  to  say  one  in  two  hundred  of  the  population. 

Goddard  says,  his  study  of  the  mentality  of  the 
entire  school  system  of  one  thousand  children  resulted 
in  finding  two  per  cent  of  these  children  feeble-minded. 

Dr.  Terman  tested  a  small  system  of  eight  hun- 
dred children  and  found  a  little  over  three  per  cent  of 
the  children  were  feeble-minded. 

The  number  of  feeble-minded,  estimated  in  the 
United  States  today,  according  to  the  best  authority,  is 
about  three  hundred  thousand. 

I  am  not  positive  and  have  no  correct  statistics  of 
North  Carolina,  but  am  quite  sure  that  a  conservative 
estimate  will  place  them  in  the  thousands. 

Second.  As  to  Cause.  I  realize  fully  that  now  I 
am  treading  on  disputed  ground  and  no  doubt  that  many 
of  you  gentlemen  will  probably  take  issue  with  me  as  to 
the  cause,  as  I  shall  treat  this  division  of  my  subject. 

It  is  a  fact,  says  Judge  Olson  of  Chicago,  that  in- 
sanity, feeble-mindedness  and  mental  disease,  are  on 
the  increase. 

He  further  says  that  during  ten  years'  experience 
as  public  prosecutor  of  the  criminal  courts  of  Cooke 
County,  the  fact  was  constantly  being  imposed  upon 
him,  that  numbers  of  the  criminal  classes  were  defect- 
ive to  that  extent— their  defect  was  the  cause  of  their 
criminality. 

These  ranging  from  the  idiot,  who  requires  cus- 
todial care,  to  the  imbecile,  who  is  quite  harmless,  up  to 
the  highest  type  of  feeble-minded,  known  as  the  moron, 
or  borderland  cases.     In  which  group  is  to  be  found  the 


30 


most  dangerous  individuals.  And  of  the  defects  of  the 
race,  none  is  attracting  more  attention,  on  the  part  of 
the  physicians,  court  officers,  social  workers,  legislators, 
than  is  feeble-mindedness  today. 

The  moron,  to  the  superficial  view,  is  often  con- 
sidered normal,  though  perhaps  somewhat  dull  and 
backward.  He  is  unable,  however,  to  compete  on  equal 
terms,  with  his  fellows,  and  is  unable  to  manage  his  own 
affairs  with  ordinary  prudence.  The  defect  may  be  in- 
born—germinal— and,  therefore,  the  hereditary  failure 
of  the  higher  structures  of  the  brain  to  develop,  or  it 
may  be  acquired,  as  for  example,  through  an  accident 
or  injury  to  the  brain  of  the  child  in  early  life.  The 
failure  of  the  development  of  the  brain  may  be  due  to 
injury  of  the  child  at  birth  by  prolonged  or  difficult  la- 
bor. It  may  also  be  due  to  injuries  inflicted  by  the  mid- 
wife or  careless  attending  physician. 

There  is  still  another  group,  which  includes  all  of 
those  cases  due  to  arrest  of  growth  of  the  brain  from 
such  causes  as  maternal  injury  or  diseases  affecting  the 
developing  embryo.  These  may  be  said  to  be  congeni- 
tal, as  for  example— that  infectious  disease— syphilis, 
which  is  responsible  for  so  much  mental  deficiency. 

I  think  it  is  a  generally  conceded  fact,  by  Alien- 
ists, Neurologists,  and  Psychologists,  that  the  cause  of 
two-thirds  of  the  cases  of  feeble-mindedness  is  due  to 
heredity. 

We  may  say  the  human  family  is  composed  of  in- 
dividuals of  all  grades  of  intelligence,  from  the  lowest 
to  the  highest,  but  the  particular  grade  of  intelligence 
is  characteristic  of  the  family  possessing  it  and  is  trans- 
mitted. 

If  human  mating  always  took  place  between  per- 
sons of  the  same  level  of  intelligence,  we  should  have 
generation  after  generation  of  children  of  the  same  in- 
telligence as  their  parents.    We  have  only  to  look  back 


31 


in  history  a  little  to  discover  families  of  superior  intelli- 
gence, where  the  level  has  been  maintained  through 
three,  four,  or  perhaps,  six  generations;  the  Adams'  and 
Edwards'  families,  for  instance,  says  Goddard. 

It  is  important  to  realize  that  most  of  the  mental 
defects  have  existed  from  birth  or  early  age,  and  path- 
ological studies  of  neuropatic  ■  constitutions,  covering 
several  manifestations  of  abnormal,  nervous  systems, 
such  as  insanity,  epilepsy,  and  f eeble-mindedness  prove, 
beyond  doubt,  the  fact  that  heredity  is  the  first  and 
prime  cause  of  mental  deficiency. 

The  most  evident  fact  in  heredity  transmission  is 
death,  and  the  next  is  a  tendency  toward  disease. 

According  to  Neo-mendelian  classification,  if  an 
individual  inherits  a  determiner,  say  for  normality  of 
nervous  structure  from  both  parents,  he  is  termed  du- 
plex for  that  character;  if  from  but  one  parent,  simplex; 
and  if  from  neither  parent,  mulliplex. 

Because  Gregor  Mendel  considered  the  peas  of  his 
garden  and  how  they  grew,  is  built  on  the  conception  of 
unit  characters  and  their  determiners. 

Mendelism  regards  an  individual  as  a  Mosaic  of 
independently  inheritable  characters,  whose  appearance 
depends  on  the  way  in  which  their  respective  determin- 
ers are  thrown  together  in  the  product  of  the  union  of 
the  germ  cells,  each  bearing  determiners. 

The  Kallikak  family,  as  reported  by  Goddard.  from 
one  member  of  which  sprang  four  hundred  and  ninety- 
six  known  descendents,  all  but  two  of  whom  were  res- 
pectable and  useful  citizens,  and  also  through  a  clan- 
descent  mating  with  a  feeble-minded  girl,  four  hundred 
andjeighty  mediocre  and  subnormal  individuals,  one 
hundred  and  forty-three  of  whom  were  distinctly  fee- 
ble minded. 

Estabrook  studied  "The  Nam  Family"  in  the  back 
woods  of  New  York,  finding  seven  hundred  and  eighty- 


32 


four  individuals,  of  whom  19  were  epileptics,  24  insane, 
15  in  orphan  asylums,  3  in  girls  homes,  40  in  state  pris- 
ons. Eighty-eight  per  cent  of  the  females  and  ninety 
per  cent  qf  the  males  were  alcoholics.  Licentiousness 
characterize  232  women  and  199  men. 

Florence  Donaldson  found,  in  two  families  of  New 
England,  rural  community,  737  persons  dealt  with;  136 
feeble-minded;  10  epileptics;  24  showing  criminal  ten- 
dencies; 8  prostitutes — alcoholism  in  a  greater  or  lesser 
degree  characterized  nearly  all— 65  receive  state  aid  and 
37  are  state  wards. 

In  the  Hucks  family,  reported  by  afield  worker  in 
Massachusetts,  315  Hucks,  including  121  others  who 
have  married  into  the  family  and  have  been  included  in 
the  study,  there  have  been  112  matings,  producing  12 
epileptics,  50  alcoholics,  52  sexually  immoral,  56  proba- 
bly sexually  diseased,  48  feeble-minded,  all  morons. 

"The  Village  of  a  Thousand  Souls"  is  a  middle- 
western  town  observed  by  Gessell  for  the  past  33  years. 
Out  of  220  families,  feeble-mindedness  was  found  in  37, 
alcoholism  in  36,  insanity  in  22,  epilepsy  in  3,  and  a 
number  of  eccentrics  scattered  throughout  the  village. 

The  tribe  of  Ishmael  was  a  tribe  traced  back  by 
McCulloch  to  1790,  comprising  30  family  units,  62  indi- 
viduals whose  descendants  in  the  six  generations  num- 
bered 1,750  known,  and  5,000  estimated,  resembling 
that  of  "The  Jukes,"  a  family  studied  by  Dugdale  in 
1887  in  which  he  reports  1,200  individuals— 280  were 
professional  paupers,  140  criminals,  60  habitual  thieves, 
50  prostitutes,  a  total  of  2,300  years  in  the  poor  house, 
7  murderers.  He  reports  their  cost  to  the  state  at  a 
million  three  hundred  and  eight  thousand  -dollars. 

We  cannot  expect  the  development  of  a  pure, 
healthy,  and  noble  race  of  women  and  men,  when  the 
blood  of  the  mother  and  father  has  inherited  determin- 
ers, that  must  produce  their  kind  and  has  been  poisoned 


33 


by  the  contagion  of  vice  and  the  effects  of  syphilis. 

Can  the  vulture  breed  the  eagle?  Can  the  jackal 
engender  the  lion? 

The  treatment  of  this  problem,  notwithstanding 
the  difficult  sociological  aspects,  is  relatively  simDle. 

Segregate,  prohibit  marriage,  and  sterilize. 

All  three  measures  within  the  limit  of  agencies 
under  social  control. 

We  realize  however,  when  it  comes  to  selecting  a 
breeding  class,  we  tackle  the  trinity  of  biology,  psycho- 
logy, and  sociology,  rolled  into  one  problem  of  a  formid- 
able bulk. 

The  ancients  regarded  idiots,  imbeciles,  the 
feeble-minded,  and  neurotics  as  God  cursed,  fit  only  for 
reproach  and  persecution. 

The  Spartans  made  short  work  of  them. 

Early  christians  were  compassionate  and  merciful. 

In  1837,  Sequin  founded  a  school  for  idiots  in 
Paris  and  brought  his  gospel  to  America. 

In  1842,  Guggenbuhl  studied  and  formed  a  colony 
for  Cretins  in  Switzerland. 

In  1850,  he  was  impeached  and  the  institution 
abolished. 

Seagert  established  a  school  for  imbeciles  in  Ber- 
lin in  1845. 

William  Twinning  and  Miss  White  founded  a  pri- 
vate school  for  defectives  in  Bath,  England,  in  1843. 

In  1848,  Park  House,  High  Gate,  was  made  the 
home  of  27  children,  and  two  years  later  these  with  23 
more  were  removed  to  Essie  Hall. 

Since  that  time,  the  interests  in  these  unfortunate 
human  beings  have  increased  to  national  dimension,  and 
even  yet  twelve  states  of  our  union  have  no  laws  at  all 
upon  the  subjects  of  the  marriage  or  divorce  of  the  in- 
sane, feeble-minded  or  epileptic. 

Thirteen  states  have  no  home   for  the   feeble- 


34 


minded. 

I  don't  think  the  question  of  segregation  is  any 
longer  debatable.  All  intelligent  people  agree  that 
something  must  be  done  to  protect  these  unfortunate 
beings,  girls  especially,  must  be  protected  during  the 
child-bearing  period. 

This  is  a  Herculean  task  and  is  likely  to  become 
burdensome. 

It  is  conservatively  estimated,  that  there  are,  in 
the  United  States  today,  three-quarters  of  a  million  in- 
sane and  mental  defectives  at  an  annual  cost  of  110 
millions,  and  yet  one-quarter  of  this  million  is  allowed 
to  propagate  their  species,  which  if  we  do  not  wage  a 
moral,  political  and  physical  campaign  against,  history 
will,  in  the  course  of  time,  brand  us  a  nation,  once  pow- 
erful, bur.  now  degenerate. 

I  don't  think  any  state  has  yet  felt  that  it  could 
bear  the  increase  taxation  necessary  to  segregate  all  of 
its  defectives,  and  yet  we  arc  constantly  reminded  that 
they  are  on  the  increase. 

To  the  thinking  mind,  something  more  radically 
effective  must  be  done. 

I  am  fully  aware  that  even  in  our  profession,  there 
are  those  that  believe  that  the  communication  of  disease 
in  marriage  is  a  matter  between  husband  and  wife  and 
that  society  has  nothing  whatever  to  do  with  it. 

Society  should  be  the  foundation  of  life,  and 
strength  to  the  state  and  nation. 

Can  the  heart  of  a  great  State,  as  revealed  in  her 
laws,  be  rotten  and  her  children  be  pure,  healthy  and 
virtuous? 

When  the  mother,  a  leader  in  society,  a  woman  of 
of  untold  influence,  spends  a  greater  part  of  her  time, 
mentality  and  energy  in  what  she  terms  innocent  and 
instructive  amusement,  in  being  the  victor  of  a  prize  at 


35 


a  bridge  party,  that  would  equal  in  cost  the  heaviest 
losing  at  a  one  dollar  limit,  poker  game  during  a  sitting 
of  four  hours.  In  other  words,  she  points  to  the  gamb- 
ling table  and  the  deceitful  smile  of  chance  as  a  royal 
road  to  caste,  to  wealth,  to  position  in  state  and  church. 

"What  shall  it  profit  a  woman  if  she  gain  the 
whole  world  of  academics  of  social  distinction  and  lose 
her  own  soul  of  motherhood?" 

The  laws  of  the  state  are  defective,  society  is 
rotten,  when  they  do  not  consider  man  and  his  offspring 
from  the  following  standpoints:  The  development  and 
perfection,  of  the  individual,  physically,  intellectually 
and  morally  for  time  and  eternity,  as  an  individual, 
with  reference  to  his  fellowmen  and  his  relations  to  his 
Creator  in  time  and  eternity,  says  Dr.  King. 

He  says  further  that  society  owes  it  to  God  and 
our  nation  to  hand  down  to  posterity  a  vigorous  man- 
hood and  womanhood,  and  thereby  wipe  out  the  great 
social  evils,  alcohol  and  syphillis,  that  are  giving  us  a 
heritage  of  moral  and  physical  weaklings,  to  tax  our 
respective  states  for  appropriations  almost  beyond  en- 
durance. 

You  ask,  What  the  Remedy?  Let  every  man's 
standard  of  social  morality  be  elevated,  proclaim  to  the 
world  that  the  libertine  cannot  enter  your  home,  ostra- 
cize the  social  circles  that  entertain  him,  do  not  absolve 
the  male  offender  against  immorality  while  condemning 
to  social  infamy  the  femaie  offender.  And  while  the 
tendency  of  the  age  is  to  magnify  motherhood  and  mini- 
mize fatherhood,  magnify  both. 

I  know  the  clergy  and  the  educators  stand  in  awe 
at  the  thought  of  imparting  to  our  young  women  and 
young  men,  a  knowledge  of  the  hygiene  of  the  repro- 
ductive functions. 

Social  prophylaxis  must  be  the  pass  word. 

We    must   pass    laws    preventing    marriage    of 


36 


feeble-minded,  especially  those  who  are  such  by  heredi- 
ty. 

Twenty-three  states  and  three  territories  have 
what  is  so  called  Eugenic  marriage  laws,  under  which 
marriage  is  denied  being  as  follows:  Insane  24,  idiot  or 
imbecile  23,  epileptic  9,  feeble-minded  8,  pauper  4, 
drunkard  3,  physically  incapable  3,  venereally  diseased 
3,  and  habitual  criminal  1. 

Along  with  marriage  regulation  marches  the 
sterilization  of  extreme  cases  of  defectives,  California, 
Connecticut,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Nevada, 
New  Jersey,  New  York  and  North  Dakota  have  passed 
laws  permitting  the  operations  of  fallectomy  and  vasec- 
tomy in  accord  with  state  regulations. 

I  fully  realize,  that  we  are  likely  to,  and  may 
have  already,  called  down  the  wrath  and  denunciation  of 
our  theological  brethren  upon  our  views  and  eugenic 
ideas,  and  the  only  argument  I  have  to  quote  is  Mr. 
Hall's  words,  verbatim,  which  are  as  follows: 

"The  slogan  of  eugenics,  a  new  religion,  the 
religion  of  this  world,  not  of  another,  has  caught  the 
imagination  and  won  the  applause  of  many  who  are 
critical  if  not  hostile  to  Christianity.  But  why  call  it  a 
new  religion?  Is  not  all  of  it  simply  a  legitimate  new 
interpretation  of  our  Christianity?  Is  it  not  all  latent 
in  our  Scriptures?  Was  anything  more  characteristic 
of  the  ancient  Hebrews  of  Old  Testament  davs  than 
their  purity  and  to  keep  the  purity  of  their  blood,  then 
duties  of  parents  to  children  and  vice  versa,  and  is 
there  any  trait  more  peculiar  to  the  Jews  in  our  day 
than  that  they  excel  all  races  save  perhaps  one  in  fecun- 
dity? The  very  covenant  of  Jehovah  with  Abraham  was 
that  if  he  kept  God's  law  his  seed  should  be  as  the  stars 
of  heaven  for  multitude,  as  if  that  were  indeed  the 
chief  human  felicity.  This  means,  according  to  the 
newest  and  highest  psycho-genetic  criticism  simply  that 
Jehovah's  laws  are  at  bottom  those  of  eugenics. 


37 


The  supreme  criterion  of  virtue  indeed  is  living 
in  every  item  for  the  interests  of  posterity.  The  world 
is  for  the  chosen,  the  best.  It  belongs  to  those  who 
come  after  us,  who  will  be  in  number  like  the  grains  of 
sand  upon  the  shore.  That  their  seed  fail  not  is  the 
supreme  blessing. 

The  entire  Old  Testament,  from  the  myth  ofEden 
to  the  latest  prophets  needs  a  new  eugenic  exegesis, 
while  the  dominant  theme  of  the  New  Testament  is 
love,  the  strongest  thing  in  the  soul  of  man,  centered 
upon  service  and  welfare  of  the  race. 

Love  and  serve  God  and  man;  that  is  the  quintes- 
sence of  our  religion.  We  only  need  to  turn  a  little 
larger  portion  of  the  love  and  seryice  we  have  directed 
toward  God,  who  does  not  need  it,  to  man  who  does, 
and  we  have  eugenics,  for  who  serves  mankind  so  much 
as  he  who  transmits  the  sacred  torch  of  heredity,  which 
is  the  most  precious  of  all  wreaths  and  worths,  un- 
dimmed  to  later  generations  by  bringing  more  and  bet- 
ter men  and  women  into  the  world  and  rearing  them  to 
the  fullest  possible  maturity? 

Read  in  this  field  and  you  will  see  only  what  has 
so  long  lain  concealed  in  Christianity  standing  forth 
here  revealed.  The  beatitudes  are  full  of  it.  The  meek 
inherit  the  earth  on  the  simple  biological  law  that  over- 
individuation  is  at  the  expense  of  the  genesis  and  be- 
yond a  certain  point  inversely  as  it  .  .  .  Christian- 
ity has  never  said  all  it  meant.  It  is  not  yet  all  reveal- 
ed to  man." 

Ancient  Greece  gave  us  the  heritage  of  an  intel- 
tectual,  moral  and  political  education.  For  the  pure 
life,  the  health  of  the  body  and  soul,  we  point  to  Plato, 
the  Athenian,  the  pupil  of  Socrates,  whose  works  re- 
main to  this  day  the  great  models  of  Athenian  genius, 
elegance  and  urbanity,  and  whose  philosophy  has  been 
the  admiration  of  all  ages. 


The  scientific  physician  is  entrusted  with  the 
lives  of  his  fellowmen;  his  life  is  spent  in  nearest  com- 
munion with  the  sick  and  dying,  in  sight  of  the  very 
gates  of  eternity. 

From  a  sociobiological  point  of  of  view,  he  is  the 
most  potent  of   all   factors  in   emancipating  from   the  I 


social  evil. 

To  the  most 
her  most  delicate 


modest   woman,    without  offending  j 
sensibilities,  he  can  speak  of  sexual 
life  and  its  diseases,  and  how  often  he  can  forestall  the! 
shadow  that  has  fallen  over  many  a  home  and   blighted 
lives  with  wrecked  nerves  and  tortured  mentality.    The 
highest  type  of  the  physician  today  is   the   moralist  as  j 
well  as  the  hygienist. 

Now   gentlemen,    let   us  strive  the  harder  to  en- 
lighten the  public  and   assist  the  legislature   and   the  I 
advocates  of  eugenics  along  such  lines  as  tend  to,  or] 
will  relieve,  or  prevent  the  undesirable. 

Then  we  shall  be  like  the  coral  insect,  helping  to] 
rear  an  edifice,  which  emerging  from  the  vexed  ocean 
of  conflicting  credence,  shall  be  first  stable  and  secure 
and  at  last  cover  itself  with  verdure,  flowers  and  fruits! 
and  bloom  beautiful  in  the  face  of  heaven. 


Photomourrt 

Pamphlet 

Binder 

GaylordBros.Inc. 

Makers 
Syracuse,  N.  Y. 

pat.  jam  2),  iaa 


00043583185 

FOR  USE  ONLY  IN 
THE  NORTH  CAROLINA  COLLECTION 


